Important: Read this before posting to this forum

  1. This forum is for questions related to the use of Apollo. We will answer some general choice modelling questions too, where appropriate, and time permitting. We cannot answer questions about how to estimate choice models with other software packages.
  2. There is a very detailed manual for Apollo available at http://www.ApolloChoiceModelling.com/manual.html. This contains detailed descriptions of the various Apollo functions, and numerous examples are available at http://www.ApolloChoiceModelling.com/examples.html. In addition, help files are available for all functions, using e.g. ?apollo_mnl
  3. Before asking a question on the forum, users are kindly requested to follow these steps:
    1. Check that the same issue has not already been addressed in the forum - there is a search tool.
    2. Ensure that the correct syntax has been used. For any function, detailed instructions are available directly in Apollo, e.g. by using ?apollo_mnl for apollo_mnl
    3. Check the frequently asked questions section on the Apollo website, which discusses some common issues/failures. Please see http://www.apollochoicemodelling.com/faq.html
    4. Make sure that R is using the latest official release of Apollo.
  4. If the above steps do not resolve the issue, then users should follow these steps when posting a question:
    1. provide full details on the issue, including the entire code and output, including any error messages
    2. posts will not immediately appear on the forum, but will be checked by a moderator first. We check the forum at least twice a week. It may thus take a couple of days for your post to appear and before we reply. There is no need to submit the post multiple times.

Search found 233 matches

by dpalma
03 Aug 2026, 18:08
Forum: Model estimation
Topic: Hardware requirements for complex hybrid latent class models in Apollo
Replies: 5
Views: 5406

Re: Hardware requirements for complex hybrid latent class models in Apollo

Hi Peter,

Yes, adding more RAM to your computer should help. But it is quite hard to predict how much it will be used (as I mentioned, R's memory usage is a bit obscure). If you want to add more RAM, I would go to the max you can afford or your computer can take.

Another practical solution is ...
by dpalma
01 Aug 2026, 17:04
Forum: Post-estimation analysis/use of results
Topic: Sample size / power analysis for latent class analysis based on a DCE — unknown number of classes
Replies: 1
Views: 2145

Re: Sample size / power analysis for latent class analysis based on a DCE — unknown number of classes

Hi,

I am not aware of techniques for efficient experimental design for discrete choice latent class models. That said, Ngene is the leading software for generating discrete choice experimental designs, so you may want to look into it. A quick glance through their manual did not return a match for ...
by dpalma
01 Aug 2026, 16:42
Forum: Estimation results
Topic: Negative scale coefficient in MaxDiff / Case 2 BWS LC model
Replies: 1
Views: 2111

Re: Negative scale coefficient in MaxDiff / Case 2 BWS LC model

Hi Dominik,

While I am no expert in Best-Worst, my limited experience with it is that a wrong scale parameter simply indicates that the model formulation is not supported by the data. This would be similar to obtaining an out-of-range nest parameter in a nested logit, which simply means that the ...
by dpalma
01 Aug 2026, 16:22
Forum: Other
Topic: Apollo for MNL (No Choice Experiment)
Replies: 1
Views: 2184

Re: Apollo for MNL (No Choice Experiment)

Sure you can. You can look at example Hybrid_with_continuous_measurement in the webpage for a template on how to implement it. You may also want to look at Ben-Akiva et al (2002) for the theory behind it.
by dpalma
01 Aug 2026, 16:16
Forum: Model estimation
Topic: Hardware requirements for complex hybrid latent class models in Apollo
Replies: 5
Views: 5406

Re: Hardware requirements for complex hybrid latent class models in Apollo

Hi Peter,

The R language can be quite memory hungry. In the particular case of Apollo, this usually manifest in hybrid models, where the multiple components (measuring + choice) end up consuming significant amounts of memory.

Here are a few tips to reduce memory consumption (at the cost of slower ...
by dpalma
01 Aug 2026, 16:00
Forum: Model specification
Topic: Socio-demographic variables in MMNL WTP Space
Replies: 1
Views: 2432

Re: Socio-demographic variables in MMNL WTP Space

Hi Ming,

I can’t recall any particular set of good practices when including systematic taste variations in WTP-space models. After a quick google search, most papers I found deal with parametrising random coefficient in WTP-space, without going into details of systematic taste variation or ...
by dpalma
01 Dec 2025, 22:20
Forum: Model specification
Topic: How to integrate out the prediction error of an imputed variable?
Replies: 1
Views: 67198

Re: How to integrate out the prediction error of an imputed variable?

Hi,

I am not sure I got all the details right of what you want to do, but let’s start with the following case and take it from there.

Let’s say your choice model has 5 alternatives: working 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 days a week. And you only have two explanatory variables: income_j (the income that the ...
by dpalma
23 Sep 2025, 08:28
Forum: Feature requests
Topic: Parallel Processing for apollo_searchStart
Replies: 4
Views: 76382

Re: Parallel Processing for apollo_searchStart

Hi Johnathan,

As Stephane mentioned, we thought about making apollo_searchStart, apollo_bootstrap, and apollo_outOfSample perform parallel estimation at the model level before, as opposed to using parallel estimation within each model. However, we did not do it because sharing the pre-processing ...
by dpalma
23 Sep 2025, 08:15
Forum: Model specification
Topic: HCM model with casulity between latent factors
Replies: 8
Views: 96710

Re: HCM model with casulity between latent factors

Hi Gaby,

The code looks good to me. So I think from a theoretical perspective you are good. From a practical perspective, the formulation may be difficult to estimate.

Personally, I do not recall ever estimating a model with mediating effects for (interaction between) latent variables, so I do not ...
by dpalma
20 Sep 2025, 00:43
Forum: Model estimation
Topic: eMDC with only two goods
Replies: 1
Views: 64724

Re: eMDC with only two goods

Hi Katya,

If these are warnings you get after estimation, I would not worry about them. During the optimisation process the algorithm may try invalid parameter values (e.g. a negative g_first < 0). These will generate the warning, but the optimiser will be smart enough to try another value (i.e. a ...