Important: Read this before posting to this forum

  1. This forum is for questions related to the use of Apollo. We will answer some general choice modelling questions too, where appropriate, and time permitting. We cannot answer questions about how to estimate choice models with other software packages.
  2. There is a very detailed manual for Apollo available at http://www.ApolloChoiceModelling.com/manual.html. This contains detailed descriptions of the various Apollo functions, and numerous examples are available at http://www.ApolloChoiceModelling.com/examples.html. In addition, help files are available for all functions, using e.g. ?apollo_mnl
  3. Before asking a question on the forum, users are kindly requested to follow these steps:
    1. Check that the same issue has not already been addressed in the forum - there is a search tool.
    2. Ensure that the correct syntax has been used. For any function, detailed instructions are available directly in Apollo, e.g. by using ?apollo_mnl for apollo_mnl
    3. Check the frequently asked questions section on the Apollo website, which discusses some common issues/failures. Please see http://www.apollochoicemodelling.com/faq.html
    4. Make sure that R is using the latest official release of Apollo.
  4. If the above steps do not resolve the issue, then users should follow these steps when posting a question:
    1. provide full details on the issue, including the entire code and output, including any error messages
    2. posts will not immediately appear on the forum, but will be checked by a moderator first. We check the forum at least twice a week. It may thus take a couple of days for your post to appear and before we reply. There is no need to submit the post multiple times.

Search found 227 matches

by dpalma
01 Dec 2025, 22:20
Forum: Model specification
Topic: How to integrate out the prediction error of an imputed variable?
Replies: 1
Views: 501

Re: How to integrate out the prediction error of an imputed variable?

Hi,

I am not sure I got all the details right of what you want to do, but let’s start with the following case and take it from there.

Let’s say your choice model has 5 alternatives: working 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 days a week. And you only have two explanatory variables: income_j (the income that the ...
by dpalma
23 Sep 2025, 08:28
Forum: Feature requests
Topic: Parallel Processing for apollo_searchStart
Replies: 4
Views: 4584

Re: Parallel Processing for apollo_searchStart

Hi Johnathan,

As Stephane mentioned, we thought about making apollo_searchStart, apollo_bootstrap, and apollo_outOfSample perform parallel estimation at the model level before, as opposed to using parallel estimation within each model. However, we did not do it because sharing the pre-processing ...
by dpalma
23 Sep 2025, 08:15
Forum: Model specification
Topic: HCM model with casulity between latent factors
Replies: 8
Views: 16013

Re: HCM model with casulity between latent factors

Hi Gaby,

The code looks good to me. So I think from a theoretical perspective you are good. From a practical perspective, the formulation may be difficult to estimate.

Personally, I do not recall ever estimating a model with mediating effects for (interaction between) latent variables, so I do not ...
by dpalma
20 Sep 2025, 00:43
Forum: Model estimation
Topic: eMDC with only two goods
Replies: 1
Views: 2094

Re: eMDC with only two goods

Hi Katya,

If these are warnings you get after estimation, I would not worry about them. During the optimisation process the algorithm may try invalid parameter values (e.g. a negative g_first < 0). These will generate the warning, but the optimiser will be smart enough to try another value (i.e. a ...
by dpalma
20 Sep 2025, 00:37
Forum: Model estimation
Topic: how to simulate the MDCEV probability?
Replies: 1
Views: 5492

Re: how to simulate the MDCEV probability?

Hi,

The function apollo_mdcev has an option called rawPrediction you can use to simulate choices from an MDCEV model.

The way the forecasting of MDCEV works, is that -for each individual- it simulates data from the model several times (100 times by default), and then averages the forecasting ...
by dpalma
19 Sep 2025, 18:22
Forum: Post-estimation analysis/use of results
Topic: how to interpret error term for mdcev?
Replies: 1
Views: 1357

Re: how to interpret error term for mdcev?

Hi,

I am very surprised to hear you got a negative estimate for sigma in MDCEV (or eMDC). The likelihoods of these models would break down for negative values of sigma. If you can, please share your code and data with me through email. You can write to David.Palma[at]uab.cat

Best wishes,
David
by dpalma
19 Sep 2025, 18:14
Forum: Model estimation
Topic: eMDC model with 28 alternatives (Burger ingredients)
Replies: 1
Views: 1173

Re: eMDC model with 28 alternatives (Burger ingredients)

Hi Mohammed,

The eMDC is a model with several moving parts. In particular, the presence of complementarity/substitution parameters can make estimation tricky, as for certain combinations of values they can lead to decreasing marginal utilities. So it is always a good idea to first find a good ...
by dpalma
26 Jul 2025, 15:12
Forum: Post-estimation analysis/use of results
Topic: Prediction probabilities from MDCEV model
Replies: 1
Views: 24751

Re: Prediction probabilities from MDCEV model

Hi,

You are correct about cont_sd and disc_sd, but not expe_sd.

Before defining them it is important to understand how the forecast of MDCEV is calculated. The forecast is based on simulation. For each row in your data, a draw for each good or alternative is drawn, then the consumer utility ...
by dpalma
26 Jul 2025, 14:49
Forum: Errors during model validation and/or estimation.
Topic: MDCEV problems
Replies: 3
Views: 21067

Re: MDCEV problems

Hi Chris,

We discussed this through email, but thought it was good to answer this in the forum as well so that others can benefit too.

In the case where several of your inside goods are always consumed, it might be better to consider all of them as outside goods. This means that your model will ...
by dpalma
17 Jun 2025, 15:41
Forum: Model estimation
Topic: eMDC Starting Values
Replies: 3
Views: 6862

Re: eMDC Starting Values

Hi,

The forecast contains the following columns (in the following order):

Expected consumption of outside, then all inside goods.
The s.d. of the previous values
Expected probability of consuming (i.e. non-zero consumption) of each good
The s.d. of the previous values.


Thanks for noticing ...